| 1993. A. Oxford University Press. Studies show that one determining factor for indirect reciprocity is the availability of information about cooperation level of other participants in the group Brandt and Sigmund 2005.. J. and Sen. These concerns vary significantly across individuals but remain mostly unchanged over time for a given individual. J. J. contribution behaviors are reciprocal in louis vuitton outlet extrinsic. 2005. 2004. and J. Tullberg 2004 . It takes experience and learning to understand its potential. Our finding Louis vuitton uk that empowering contributors to voluntar ily punish free riders and reward other contributors could play an impor tant role in sustaining contribution to pubic goods. it takes time for network users to learn the mechanism. Incentives A number of experimental studies find that incentives could increase private contribution to public goods Falkinger et al. In the context of this research. Emerson. Hann et al. Second. An individual??s helpful action.. Review of Economic Studies. While the user-initiated reward and punishment mechanism could be highly effective in sustaining contributions in peer-to-peer networks. H7b: Social Enforcement ?C a contributor??s probability of providing preferential services to other contributors decreases when she observes an increase in contributors in a peer-to-peer network. We show that the social norm is voluntarily enforced by peers in social networks. Shah. In one-to-one interactions. over contributing users. Once a contributor makes the contribution decision. It is what one does: why people pa rticipate and help others in electronic communities of practice. A variety of economic experiments on soci al dilemmas. R. J. the time series aspect of the panel data allows us to observe individual behavior over time and identify how their behavior changes with social environment. Wasko. However. S. To control for the influence of an individual??s download needs. Garfikel. 2006 . They are willing to sacrifice private gain to reward pro-social behaviors and to punish free riders Clark and Sefton 2001. we propose: H9: Experience ?C a contributor??s probability of providing priority services to other contributors increases w ith her experience with the peer-to-peer network. Kahneman. However. 2004 . D. Reciprocal behavior has l ong been observed in human so ciety Ekeh 1974. laboratory experiments shows that the responder frequently rejects positive offers if she is offered much Louis Vuitton Outlet than 50% Oosterbeek et 10 al. Valacich. R. We discuss the theo retical foundation of private contribution to public goods in the next section. 2001a. we find that the enforcement of social norm is human nature. Nature 437 7063 1291-1298. 2001. A. they do not respond to contribution from pure contributors H2 . It is what one does: why people pa rticipate and help others in electronic communities of practice. Individual s who only contribute but never download signal that they do not need in-kind cont ributions from others and. Jeppensen and Frederiksen 2006 . Levati. The finding sheds new light on the dynamic of 28 peer-to-peer networks and their users. S econd.January 200 9 McCombs Research Paper Series No. M. We also find that network users respond differe ntly to different contributor groups. 2004. S. H7b: Social Enforcement ?C a contributor??s probability of providing preferential services to other contributors decreases when she observes an increase in contributors Louis Vuitton UK a peer-to-peer network. Studies have shown that these social influences could have significant impacts on individual behaviors and market equilibrium in social networks Fehr and Gachter 2000b; Bapna et al 2003. several important differences. Xia et al. Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and et hnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies . contributions o f digital contents could significantly slow down the contributor??s network connection and delay or disrupt software applications that share the same network connection. B. In Alvin E. Slaughter. The dynamic between an individual and her social environment plays an important role in social networks. The difference indicates that content contribution to peer-to-p eer networks by itself Louis vuitton not create a conflict between self interest and collective interest as in a typical public good model. To control for the influence of an individual??s download needs. 2001a. P??nard. Princeton University Press. Dawes.. Xia louis vuitton outlet al. ??value user??. Paulo Goes. |